Loss of deoxyribonuclease 1  (Dnase 1) function is associated with SLE in humans and mice (203,206), accompanied by high titers of antibodies against nucleosomal antigens (204). Dnase 1 from humans and mice is inhibited by actin. Rats whose DNase 1 is not inhibited by actin do not get lupus (207). Also  Antibodies against DNases, which are found in patients suffering from SLE, can influence the activity of DNases and may therefore also act in the pathogenesis of SLE (205).